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<text id=90TT2958>
<title>
Nov. 08, 1990: Islam:Life Behind The Veil
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Nov. 08, 1990 Special Issue - Women:The Road Ahead
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 37
Life Behind the Veil
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Muhammad boosted women's rights, but today Islam often means
oppression
</p>
<p>By Lisa Beyer--Reported by William Dowell/Cairo and Kathleen
Evans/Peshawar
</p>
<p> The wives of the Prophet Muhammad were vibrant, outspoken
women. His first, Khadija, ran a prosperous trading business and
at one point was Muhammad's employer. A'isha, the Prophet's
favorite, was at various times a judge, a political activist and
a warrior. Among Muhammad's 11 other wives and concubines were
a leatherworker, an imam and an advocate of the downtrodden,
revered in her day as the "Mother of the Poor."
</p>
<p> Some women hold relatively high positions in Muslim
countries today. But if the wives of Muhammad lived in parts of
the contemporary Islamic world, they might be paying a high
price for their independence. Consider events in the refugee
centers of Peshawar, Pakistan, where more than a dozen Afghan
women have been "disappeared" by radical Islamic groups for the
crime of working in women's centers or with foreign aid
organizations; or an episode in the Algerian town of Mascara,
where a Muslim nurse was doused with alcohol and set on fire by
her brother, who was furious with her for treating male
patients.
</p>
<p> While such violence represents an extreme, women are under
fire wherever Muslim zealots are on the march. Following the
Iranian revolution of 1979, which swept away progressive
legislation passed under the shahs, extremists in many Islamic
countries have whittled away at the legal rights of women. In
Egypt, for instance, the Supreme Court in 1985 struck down a
1979 law that gave a woman the right to divorce her husband
should he take a second wife. Sudan's military regime, which
seized power in 1989, refuses to allow women who are not
accompanied by a father, husband or brother to leave the country
without permission from one of the three.
</p>
<p> The Family Code adopted by Algeria in 1984 gave a husband
the right to divorce his wife for almost any reason and eject
her from the family home. During debate over the code, one
legislator actually proposed specifying the length of the stick
that a husband may use to beat his wife. Algeria's Islamic
Salvation Front, which swept local elections last June, is
pushing to forbid women to work outside the home.
</p>
<p> Pressures to curtail the rights of women come from various
puritanical sects within Islam. "They want to impose a new
social order by force," says Khalida Messaoudi, president of an
Algerian women's organization. "They start by attacking women
because women are the weakest link in these societies."
Particularly strict is the Wahhabiyah, a movement founded in the
18th century that counts among its adherents many Afghans and
the Saudi ruling family. Wahhabi women live behind the veil, are
forbidden to drive, and may travel only if accompanied by a
husband or a male blood relative. The demands of the gulf crisis
prompted the Saudis to loosen some constraints on women, but it
is not clear that such liberalizations will endure.
</p>
<p> Some Muslim women argue that the zealots are perverting the
very religion they claim to hold so dear. "This terrifying image
of unhappy women covered in veils is not Islam," says Leila
Aslaoui, an Algerian magistrate. Certainly, Muhammad was a
liberal man for his time. He helped out around his various
households, mended his own clothes and believed sexual
satisfaction was a woman's right. The religion he founded
outlawed female infanticide, made the education of girls a
sacred duty and established a woman's right to own and inherit
property.
</p>
<p> But Islam also enshrined certain discriminatory practices.
As decreed by the Koran, the value of a woman's testimony in
court is worth half that of a man's, and men are entitled to
four spouses, whereas women can have only one. Males are
superior, some argue, because the Koran says they have "more
strength."
</p>
<p> The current appeal of such male chauvinist beliefs can be
traced to Islam's response to Western expansionism in the 18th
and 19th centuries. Fearing the erosion of their culture, the
Wahhabis and others chose to assert values that set them apart,
including the negative aspects of Islam's treatment of women.
Modern Islamic fundamentalism is essentially a revival of this
earlier reaction against the West.
</p>
<p> Despite such stifling interpretations of Islam, many women
have found their liberation in their faith. The veil may be a
symbol of oppression to the Western eye, but, to many who wear
it, it is freedom--not just from the tyranny of Western
culture but also from unwanted sexual advances. In Cairo veils
have become so popular that fashion shows are occasionally
staged to show off new styles. Says Leila Takla, a Christian
member of the Egyptian parliament: "As long as women are
covering their heads and not their minds, it is an individual
expression." Unfortunately, however, as laws are revised and
rights withdrawn, the cloaking of Islamic women grows ever more
profound.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>